EIRP Proceedings, Vol 14, No 1 (2019)

The Influences of Globalization

on National Security of States

Nicolae-Florin Prunău¹

Abstract: Globalization has been developing since 1980 and it was an important reason of some changings and development in not only world economy, but also our daily life. There are some reasons affected on the development of globalization. Economic and social issues and political movements happened in the world in recent years were one of the essential factors of re-actualization of globalization and integration. Before starting to analyze the association between globalization and countries economies, implementation, regulation and supervision of Globalization in a country and world should be considered.

Keywords: Economy; Integration; Regional

1. Introduction

Globalization is conceptually required in the 1990s in the works of many foreign theorists. The Globalization - National Security Report has a wide international debate, especially after the September 2001 US events that have shown that the world is not ready to respond to global asymmetric threats, to keep current sources of instability and armed conflicts under control.

According to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the security equation of the world can no longer be thought out of American supremacy, and “enhancing global security is an essential component of national security.” Only a global strategy, starting from the causes of the widespread crisis in which the world is currently in place, can reduce the national insecurity of America and other countries around the globe. National security built on the global war on terrorism is an alternative that should be replaced by the one based on the idea of a global crisis, and in the future security equation, the option of partnerships should be put in the forefront. (Popa, 2005, p. 5)

Romanian researchers in the field believe that globalization is a major factor in achieving national and regional security and that the latter can not be fully ensured without first ensuring the planetary security. The dangers of the future have one thing in common: they do not respect national borders.

White Paper on National Security and Defense also stresses the need operation at regional and global levels to promote the security interests of Romania, which shows a clear understanding of the implications of global security on national security, the requirement of providing realistic models of new security threats own formulation, within NATO, whose members for 15 years, the possible types of response to unconventional threats in situations of asymmetry and in contexts other than those for which NATO was designed.

New approaches to security - national, regional and global - show that there is a close link between globalization and security. In a world characterized by globalization (threats, markets, global media, etc.), national security is deeply marked by the implications. Globalization, as a manifestation of multiple interdependencies between countries, the liberalization of the global flows of information, services, goods and capital, makes internal and external risks to generate and mutually supportive, and finding answers security, nationally and beyond, the new threats start from the fact that the latter appear anywhere in the globalized world, are extremely dynamic and complex.

2. Globalization - Necessity and Reality

The process by which the world tends to become a unique space, globalization is either challenged (conservative), promoted courageously (by liberals)² as a measure of universal prosperity, peace and freedom, treated as a danger, from the angle of supraterritoriality and dimension planetary social relations (of criticism). The hyperglobalists place globalization in the field of the economy, treating it as a process of “denationalising” the economies, developing a borderless economy, establishing transnational networks of production, commerce and finance, much more powerful than the states themselves. It is even considered that economic globalization creates and will create new forms of social organization that will eventually replace traditional nations. (Held, Mcgrew, Goldblatt & Perraton, 2004, p. 27) The aspirations of hyper-globalization, seen primarily as an economic phenomenon, are predicting an increasingly integrated global economy with growing social polarization, with governance institutions and global expansion, in fact a new global order in which state sovereignty and autonomy erodes continuously.

Skeptics reject the idea of undermining the power of national governments or state sovereignty by economic internationalization or global governance, which is illusory in nature. Transformationalists see in globalization a powerful transforming force of societies, governing institutions, and world order, a historic, contradictory and time-constrained historical process (Held, Mcgrew, Goldblatt & Perraton, 2004, p. 31) that leads to a global stratification of societies and communities increasingly involved in the global order and, on the other hand, increasingly marginalized societies and communities, breaking the relationship between sovereignty, territoriality and state power.

Defined as a process of widening, deepening and hurrying global interconnection, globalization is situated in a space-time continuum of change, with “linking and expanding human activity across regions and continents”. (Held, Mcgrew, Goldblatt & Perraton, 2004, p. 39) A differentiation of this process from localization, nationalization, regionalization, and internationalization naturally leads to defining the concept of globalization not as a single state but as a process or set of ateritorial processes of global structuring and stratification of social relations and transactions, (Held, Mcgrew, Goldblatt & Perraton, 2004, pp. 40, 51-52) flows and transcontinental or interregional networks of activity, interaction and exercise of power. (Popa, 2005, p. 8)

Between the definition of globalization as a phenomenon expressing the development of social and economic relations that extends throughout the world, according to Anthony Giddens, as a future stage of the process of social, political, economic and cultural development of mankind³, and as “the ensemble of the resulting phenomena from the increasing opening of savings to foreign commodities and capital”, according to Bernard Guillochon, we distinguish similarities in the impact of globalization on development and integration in world structures and its profound implications in all areas of human activity. This is about an active and necessary opening of states and communities outwardly as a useful response to the ever-growing complexity of processes in a more interconnected world.

Legitimate to the objective need for development and democracy, but also to justify “the desired changes in politics and the economy”, “the staging of political transformations”⁴, globalization systematizes, in a process in which interdependence leads to enormous implications, forces states to cooperate to achieve their goals and serve their interests. (Gilpin, 2004, p. 24)

Regarding the multiculturalism of globalization, it is crystallized in American academic circles that globalization has been triggered because democracies have won victory in their prolonged struggle with totalitarian ideologies. The disappearance of the bipolar order of the Cold War has paved the way for international success in a climate where representative governments, free markets, the development of trade relations and multilateral cooperation have become the benchmark of progress in so many places. The causes of globalization are, in fact, according to Robert Gilpin, in the technological progress and interaction of the forces on the market, which increase the level of integration of the world economy.

More directly, the causes of globalization must be sought in customs barriers, transport costs, free trade at regional level, technological progress. After Robert Gilpin, economic globalization was driven by political, economic and technological changes. Time and space compression, owing to advances in communications and transport, has substantially reduced the cost of international trade, causing industrialized and less industrialized countries to take measures to reduce barriers to trade and national investment, which appear as a “detachment” of the economy market by moral norms and institutionalized ties between societies.

3. Global and Regional Determinations on National Security

As a consequence of globalization, many transnational developments and processes have a significant impact on national security. In addition to stimulating economic growth and opening up societies, recent issues highlighted by specialists⁵ highlight some inconveniences of the globalization process, which can lead to the destabilization of states, alienation of ancestral customs, the vulnerability of entire regions to the spontaneous fluctuations of the world economy. (Popa, 2005, p. 28)

Governments are taking measures to protect their own territory against new threats by aligning themselves with the international anti-terrorist coalition, working with other parties to defuse international conflicts, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, increasing economic growth under the conditions of developing free markets and free trade , the elaboration of cooperative action programs with world power centers, the transformation and adaptation of national security institutions to the requirements of the 21^st century.

At an economic level, the security of nation-states is affected by globalization through the particularities of the international transaction process, within the tight, out-of-state state, transactions that account for almost all foreign direct investments, over 35 percent of global direct investment (GDP) and more than 75 percent of world trade. Together with the rise in international financial markets, the aging of the nation-state system controls the outflow of capital investment and dictates the monetary and fiscal policy of governments wishing to attract these capital investments⁶.

The consistency of the global potential for promoting security and stability, given by the concerted contribution of states and international organizations, ensures the very consistency of national security of states. Major global processes involving states, independently or within the UN, the World Trade Organization, the International Labor Organization, the International Monetary Fund, etc., are of direct relevance to national security.

Security systems know, from the perspective of serious human dangers, a renewed and consolidating dynamic, owing to the relations between Member States, international organizations and bodies. Based on the new principles of organizing regional and global security - democracy, effective governance and law enforcement - the state entities that are part of the international organizations are joining their efforts to ensure a peaceful coexistence framework and to avoid major conflicts.

As the European Security Strategy shows, “in a world where threats, markets and means of communication have a planetary dimension, our security and prosperity increasingly depend on the existence of an effective multilateral system” translates into a stronger international society, through the good functioning of international institutions and an international order based on a set of rules, on the defense and development of international law.

Taking the new security threats seriously, the EU has taken active steps to ensure stability and good governance in the immediate neighborhood, to build an international order based on effective multilateralism, to prepare an adequate response to new complex threats, coherent preventive actions against crises and threats.

In the field of security and defense policy, analysts conclude⁷, the EU is now much more active and more effective, it pursues its multilateral and intense security objectives, shows more coherence in providing crisis management unit, allocates higher resources avoiding duplications, better coordinating existing resources, maintaining privileged relations with the US, but developing collaboration with other major players on the world stage, building active partnerships with states that share and defend their goals and values.

Global security, one of the stringent imperatives of the present, has strong support for state security. From the great powers, which are concerned with the strengthening of strategic stability, to the small, willing, even more, states of preserving their national security, they are all vitally interested in building a climate of global peace and confidence.

In the extensive efforts to develop cooperation on non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their launching devices, tightening existing regulations in the field, combating international terrorism and other cross-border threats, states have a strong, permanent involvement.

First, politically, states are interested and concerned about coordinating their positions and acting jointly to help find solutions to these major issues as well as conflicts that persist may seriously affect peace and stability in the environment geographically and globally.

Through an active, dynamic national security policy, state security achieves a complex involvement in international security. In recent years, national defense policies, state preventive diplomacy, are combined with offensive policies to promote their own interests that support global stability in different regions of the world.

States are directly involved in restructuring the global security system, economic co-operation, and adapting international law rules and principles to globalization-driven developments in UN, OSCE, EU and WTO. At OSCE level, States contribute to improving political, economic and environmental security, promote multi-ethnicity, manage crisis areas, actively address security issues through cooperation, eliminate tensions and conflicts, maintain regional and international stability, make efforts to democratize other strategically, promotes effective multilateral cooperation. (Popa, 2005, p. 41)

From the analysis of the implications of state, national security on global security can not be missed an interrogation like this: what role, in consolidating the global security system, the development of a coherent, supple and polyvalent tool at national level, and the achievement and optimization of the interoperability with the allies and partners? Undoubtedly, an organizational construction capable of generating immediate, decisive results at an operational and strategic level, especially externally, on theaters of action outside the areas of common responsibility, is an important instrument in strengthening the global security system. In this respect, national transformation approaches aligned with those of NATO, for example, make the army of a Member State an institution of great flexibility, mobility and flexibility, capable of operating in the full spectrum of conflict, rapidly deployable and capable of to carry out network operations, technologically superior, fully logistically supported through an integrated logistics system.

With such military capabilities - polyvalent, adequate to dislocation and support in the theater, but also to the degree of use and availability - the army can perform complex missions to maintain the security and territorial stability of the state, but also to strengthen the Alliance's capabilities to - and sustains global interests, given the diversity and gravity of the threats of the current century.

But the implications of national security on the global one can also cover other areas of activity. If valorisation and the development of cultural, scientific and human potential are an essential component and source of national security, then they have a significant impact on global security.

It is eloquent, for example, how the states, in the face of the hasty offensive of cultural globalization, preserve their cultural unity, together with territorial integrity, by means of punctual programs of local and regional affirmation of distinct cultural identities. In practice, there is an ongoing struggle to preserve national values and sentiments, despite the demolition and secessionist tendencies in some places.

As specialists appreciate, hybrid cultures and transnational communities can not decisively affect the essence of national cultures and national identities, and therefore the cultural security of nation-states. Although the balance of cultural influences tends to overcome the differences between national cultures, threatening the security of major domestic cultural projects, the nation, as a major political and cultural community, manages to oppose cultural cosmopolitanism, which is increasingly seen as an ephemeral of globalization.

The increasing deterioration in post-war post-war rights of the notion of national security over collective security did not eliminate as unfounded the valences of the former, in the context of the vertiginous growth and diversification of cross-border risks and threats, on the contrary. Fighting insecurity, corruption, tax fraud and smuggling, organized crime, and terrorism have all forced a vigorous and punctual government offensive, in unison with civil society, NGOs, public institutions, on the lines of the national security strategy , strongly impacting on strengthening the state as a pillar of security, subregional, regional and, implicitly, global security.

4. Implications of Global Security on National Security

In the prolongation of the previous demonstration, we must emphasize that, while for the great powers of the “security community” such as the USA, traditional national security is restructured by the practice of cooperative security⁸, for small and medium-sized states without a relevant military force, it becomes a component part of international security. Let us not, however, be mistaken by categorical assertions, because even in the case of large countries or superpower represented by the US, cooperative security is, first and foremost, a way of strengthening national security. (Popa, 2005, p. 43)

In fact, global security is a construction in the space of interdependencies, it is a security of interdependencies, of international relations. It is multilaterally involved in national security, giving it the consistency and permanence that is found in the solidity and stability of the security environment. The engagement of states in the world order is limited by military and security obligations and commitments previously made. (Held, et al., p. 174) In this way, it is clear that national choices in the field are preceded either by joint decisions at NATO level or by bilateral or multilateral consultations within other international organizations.

That is why we perceive the interdependence of global security - national security as a dynamic interaction, in a continuous movement and transformation. Frequently interrogated by researchers, if national security can be ensured without first ensuring full international security, it is inevitably superfluous while the latter has an ever-increasing involvement in the security of state entities enrolled in the community International.

Are situations where global security can affect national security? The clarification of such a question arises from the fact that global security is an integrative one, including national and regional security. Global security and security terms are complementary, even if global security includes national security in its content.

From this hypostasis, it can exert, at a certain moment, some pressure on national security and carry out a transfer of competences and roles from the latter to oneself. As a beneficiary, national security can diminish its sphere and content by self-inflicting.

As the degree of global integrity security increases, the importance of national security is reduced to certain global security functions (combating sources of asymmetric threats, borderline insecurity, organized crime, etc.).

Domain analysts perceive two trends in the development of the global security - national security relationship: a mistrust in global security that creates a discontinuity between national, regional and global type security, and another exaggeration the role of global security, which leads to the diminution of the role of national security, this being a vulnerability that affects both global and national security.

5. Conclusions

As there is a global and regional determination of national security, together with the dynamic opening of states to the outside and enhanced cooperation and international cooperation in the field, the multilateral efforts of the international community are directed towards the peace, security and stability of regions and the world. Understanding that they work for themselves, states must actively contribute to the deepening of the systemic security character, to a preventive and coordinated approach to global security, supporting by all means the reform of the security institutions, the realization of the new security architecture. A greater chance of cooperative security must be given, which, supported by provision and partnership, offers an optimistic outlook on global security and, implicitly, on national security, and it is active policies that are the only ones able to cope with new threats. In the global space, some activities are needed to help strengthen national security.

These refer to:

• increasing the resources generating national security, in the context of strengthening collective security;

• increasing the efficiency of collective security systems, currently very limited;

• regional development of cooperative defense, with the participation of countries and non-governmental actors;

• enhanced economic co-operation, amid diminishing, by common approaches, the negative effects of globalization;

• development of viable mechanisms for regulating and controlling the international cooperation environment, with emphasis on the factors of insecurity: the financial-banking environment, the economic one, the criminal one, the underworld terrorist;

• developing asymmetric threats management and control systems;

• reducing economic, social, political, military, environmental vulnerabilities;

• enhance the concern that global security should be a generator of national security development, as it is viable when it has the value of a system of systems. (Popa, 2005, p. 47)

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